#############################
 Command Utilities
#############################

Windows command utilities are run from the Start menu :guilabel:`Run ..` or 
:guilabel:`Search ..` dialogs. These utilities may require administrative 
privileges, that is, right-click and select :menuselection:`run as ...` to 
execute.

MSCONFIG.EXE
=============================

Possibly the tools tab in this utility is useful.

TASKMGR.EXE
=============================

Has a :guilabel:`shutdown` tab which permits remote users to control machines 
no matter what. 

CMD.EXE and COMMAND.EXE
=============================

Display the command line window as follows: In Windows XP, select
:menuselection:`Start --> Run...` from the taskbar menu, then type 
:kbd:`cmd <Enter>`. In Windows 7, display the :menuselection:`Start` menu, and 
type :kbd:`cmd` in the :guilabel:`Search` box, then press :kbd:`<Enter>`. To 
run :program:`cmd.exe` as administrator, <right-click> the program name and 
select :menuselection:`Run as Administrator` from the menu.

Following are selected commands which may be helpful in reviewing settings and 
diagnosing installation problems. [#]_

Networking
-----------------------------

  **ipconfig** reports or changes IP settings for a workstation:

  | ``ipconfig /all`` -- *report the current IP configuration*
  | ``ipconfig /release`` -- *clear the current IP configuration*
  | ``ipconfig /renew`` -- *obtain new IP settings through DHCP*
  | ``ipconfig /flushdns`` -- *clear cached dns entries*

  **ping** queries an IP address or DNS name and reports the result: 

  | ``ping 127.0.0.1`` -- *queries the network interface in the workstation itself* 
  | ``ping 192.168.2.241`` -- *queries the LAN interface eth1 in the AAltSys server*
  | ``ping 192.168.1.1 or ping 192.168.1.254`` -- *queries probable addresses 
    for the WAN gateway*
  | ``ping google.com`` -- *performs a DNS lookup on and queries a remote IP*
  
  **nslookup** queries a DNS name and returns its corresponding IP address:

  | ``nslookup google.com`` -- *queries DNS services, not actual IP addresses*

  **netsh** queries and diagnoses networking issues on a workstation:

  | ``netsh diag gui`` -- *displays networking diagnostics in a gui window*

  .. note:: Microsoft Professionals use additional networking diagnostic tools 
     which are not included with the OS. Search for downloads of 
     :command:`dcdiag` or :command:`dnslint`. (Microsoft's attitude about 
     excluding diagnostics from OS releases is encapsulated in this quote: 
     "DNSLint is a Microsoft Windows utility that helps you to diagnose common 
     DNS name resolution issues.")

File system management
-----------------------------

  | ``sfc /scannow`` -- *scan and repair protected system files*

  .. warning:: For experts only -- These utilities change ACLs for file and 
    folder ownership.

  | ``cacls *.* /E /R (username):F`` -- *adds full permissions to files*
  | ``cacls *.* /T /E /P (username):F`` -- *adds full permissions to all files 
    and special files*
  | ``cacls __filename__ /G (username):F`` -- grants full rights to file*
  | ``takeown /f __filename__`` -- change ownership (Unix chown)
  | ``takeown /f __directory__ /r`` -- change ownership of directory tree

System controls
-----------------------------

  | ``mmc`` -- *an alternative way to open system control panels*

Mac OS X Console Commands
===============================

The Mac OS-X command line window is displayed by opening 
:menuselection:`Applications --> Utilities --> Terminal.app`.
The following commands are helpful in reviewing settings and diagnosing 
installation problems.

.. Tip:: Mac OS-X commands work on Linux and Unix systems as well. 

ifconfig
-----------------------------

  This command reports or changes the IP settings for a Mac OS X workstation:

  | ``ifconfig`` -- *report the current IP configuration*
  | ``ifconfig en0`` -- *report the current IP configuration for the ethernet 
    adapter*
  | ``ifconfig en1`` -- *report the current IP configuration for the airport 
    adaptor in some models*

ping
-----------------------------

  This command executes a network query to an IP address and reports the result:

  | ``ping 127.0.0.1`` -- *queries the workstation network interface itself* 
  | ``ping 192.168.2.241`` -- *queries LAN interface eth1 in the AAltSys server* 
  | ``ping 192.168.1.1 or ping 192.168.1.254`` -- *queries likely WAN gateways*
  | ``ping google.com`` -- *performs a DNS lookup on the Internet and queries a 
    remote server*

chown / chmod
-----------------------------

  .. warning:: For experts only -- These utilities change file and folder 
     ownership and permissions.

  | ``chown -R (username) *`` -- *makes (username) the owner of all files, 
    folders, subdirectories, and sub files*
  | ``chmod -R 777 ./*`` -- *makes all files have read, write, and execute 
    permissions set for all users*
    
----------

.. rubric:: Footnotes

.. [#] `Windows commands <http://ss64.com/nt/>`_